Mixed short question and answer of English hons(Caedmon’s Hymn Poem France rev

• Long Term Cause of First World War-1

World War I began in June of 1914, and is considered to have five major causes that led to the outbreak of the war.  These five causes include the four long-term causes (militarism, alliances, imperialism and nationalism) discussed in this reading and one short-term cause (the assassination of Franz Ferdinand).  The four long-term causes are as follows:

MILITARISM: The first long-term cause of World War I is militarism. In the decades before World War I many European countries began to practice militarism and worked to expand and strengthen their military forces.

ALLIANCES: The second long-term cause of World War I was the system of alliances that existed in the years before the outbreak of war in 1914.  When World War I began Europe divided between two separate alliance systems.  Britain, France and Russia made up the Triple Entente while Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy made up the Triple Alliance. The assassination of Austro-Hungarian archduke Franz Ferdinand and the resulting crisis between Serbia and the Austro-Hungarian Empire caused each system of alliances to enact and World War I began.

​IMPERIALISM: The third main cause of World War I was European imperialism that occurred in the 1800’s and early 1900’s before World War I erupted in 1914.  Imperialism is understood as a process in which a country overtakes another country or region’s political, economic or social life.  Imperialism was carried out by the powerful European nations against the rest of world in the decades before World War I began.

​NATIONALISM: The fourth and final long-term cause of World War I was the growth of nationalism that occurred in Europe in the decades before World War I and the tensions it caused. Nationalism grows when people share similar beliefs, values, ethnic heritage, relationship to land, language, culture and customs.

• Short Term Cause of First World War .

Answer: Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife were assassinated by Serbian Nationalists, which angered Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia which then Russia was an ally to. Germany promising an Alliance to Austria declared war on the Triple Entente. Italy did not follow through alliance Germany and Austria-Hungary had with them and joined the Allies later. The Ottoman Empire joined the CP thinking if they won then they could be more powerful and more recognized as a force to be reckoned with as they were back in industrialism. Bulgaria layer entered the CP in 1917 one year to the wars end. Britain, France, The US, and Italy had won.

• The Effects of World War 1.

The effects of World War 1 are still being felt a century after its conclusion. The specific effects of World War-1 are as follows:

Specific Effects of World War 1:

• WW1 caused the downfall of four monarchies: Germany, Turkey, Austria-Hungary and Russia.
• The war made people more open to other ideologies, such as the Bolsheviks that came to power in Russia and fascism that triumphed in Italy and even later in Germany.
• WW1 largely marked the end of colonialism.
• The war changed the economical balance of the world.
• Inflation shot up in most countries and the German economy was highly affected by having to pay for reparations.
• With all the new weapons that were used, WW1 changed the face of modern warfare forever.
• Social life also changed: People all wanted better living standards.
• WW1 boosted research in technology, because better transport and means of communication gave countries an advantage over their enemies.

* Spanish Tragedy Act-1 Screen -1 Summary.

Answer:

This play is the story of the intense grief, quest for revenge, and eventual insanity of Hieronimo, whose son Horatio is murdered by an ambitious courtier. The play is an example of a medieval genre called the revenge tragedy, in which the naked, murderous ambitions of its central characters are moralistically avenged. The central theme of this play, as was the case with all such tragedies, is the inevitability and rightness of justice.

A Ghost appears, accompanied by a representation of Revenge. The Ghost introduces himself as Andrea and summarizes his life as a Spanish noble, his loving relationship with Bel-Imperia, and how he was slain in battle with Portugal. He also recounts his journey through the various realms of the underworld, where the governing spirits debated what should be done with his soul and eventually sent him to be judged

* Odysseus Character in the Iliad.

Answer:

Once in a war, Odysseus proved to be an invaluable asset for the Greeks. Not only being a skilled warrior, he was also one of the most trusted counselors and advisers. He always championed the Achaean cause, especially when the king was in question. He restored order and morale to the Greek camp. Odysseus aided Diomedes during the successful night operation in order to kill Rhesus' horses, because it had been foretold that if his horses drank from the Scamander river, Troy could not be taken. And after all, it was Odysseus who made it possible for the Greeks to finally conquer the city of Troy. After the nine years of battle, the Greeks were still unable to break the walls of the city. On top of all, Hector and Achilles were already dead and it seemed that the war had reached a stalemate. But Odysseus had other plans. The Greeks pretended to sail from Troy, leaving a huge wooden horse as if it was a gift for the gods for winning the war. In truth they hid their ships on the island of Tenedos, while fifty men, along with Odysseus, hid inside a horse and the rest of the army stayed hidden not far from the city. The Trojans fell for the trap, thinking that the war was over and accepted "the gift for the gods". They broke down the gate walls and brought the horse inside the city and celebrated all day. During the night, when most of the Trojans were wasted, Odysseus and his men sneaked out of the horse, killed the guards and gave a signal to the rest of the Greek army. Trojans were caught by surprise and the Greeks were able to defeat them and claimed the city and, finally after all those years, managed to win the war.

Technological innovations:

New inventions and technologies played an important role in the Industrial Revolution.In the early part of the Industrial Revolution natural power sources such as water and wind were used as power. In 1781 James Watt invented a new type of steam engine that could be used to power machines in factories. One of the first major inventions was the "spinning jenny" invented by James Hargreaves in England in 1764. In 1779, Samuel Crompton made improvements with the "spinning mule." The Industrial Revolution began in with the opening of Slater's Mill. In 1876, Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone which changed the way people communicated forever. The Industrial Revolution brought about the need for improved transportation. In 1853, Elisha Otis invented a safety break for elevators. This allowed for the practical use of elevators enabling buildings to be built much taller. All technological innovations was helping for industrial revolution.

What were the social, economic, political and intellectual causes of the French Revolution?

Following were the social, economic, political and intellectual causes of the French Revolution:

Social :- The social conditions in France in late 18th century were extremely unequal and exploitative. The clergy and the nobility formed the first two Estates and were the most privileged classes in the French society. They were exempt from payment of taxes to the State. On the other hand, the Third Estate that consisted of peasants and workers formed the majority of the population. They were burdened with excessive taxes with no political and social rights. As a result, they were extremely discontent.

Economic: - As a result of a numerous wars waged by Louis XVI the State coffers were empty. The situation was made even more complex by France’s involvement in the American War of Independence and the faulty system of taxation. While the privileged classes were excused from paying taxes the Third Estate was more and more burdened with them.

Political :- The Bourbon king of France, Louis XVI was an extremely autocratic and weak willed king who led a life of obscene luxury. This led to a lot of disenchantment among the masses who then were leading life of extreme poverty and widespread hunger.

Intellectual:- The 18th century was marked by a conscious refusal by French thinkers of the ‘Divine Rights Theory’. Philosophers like Rousseau, rejected the paradigm of absolute monarchy and promulgated the doctrine of equality of man and sovereignty of people. They played a pivotal role in exposing the fault lines of old political system, i.e. the ancient regime, and articulating the popular discontent.

Caedmon's hymn poem.

Caedmon's Hymn' is one of the three earliest remaining poems in Old English. The hymn, or song of praise, is that God created the heavens and the earth for the enjoyment of men. Caedmon praises God for His creation. Using repetition, he points out twice that God, unlike man, is ternal.  Caedmon's story takes a little from both worlds. He's a cowherd but he doesn't start his  meditating while his cows are mooing. Instead, it takes the divine intervention of an angel to get him started on the poetic life. Thus his story becomes a miracle, a fully Christian miracle, while still  borrowing some themes from the classical past. Not only is Caedmon a "first" in his own right: the first English poet who wrote the first English poem, using new forms and new imagery, the product of a Christian miracle; he is also part of an older history, one of the many artistic she cowherds tending animals and writing poems. This is an exciting, strange, and fascinating poem because it's sitting at an intersection of old and new.

Theme: Based On Religious

In Bede’s poem, “Caedmon’s Hymn”, he demonstrates the major role religion played in the Old English era. “Caedmon’s Hymn” is said to be the oldest poem written in its time, and Caedmon himself is also said to be the first Christian poet. Throughout most of the poem, Bede uses the third person’s perspective in order to further place emphasis on the main theme of the story. After reading, the spread of religion seems to be the overall point. Bede shows the reader how a man living in the norms of society, with good intentions can be granted a chance by the grace of God to take on the sacred duty of spreading his word. Although Caedmon, the main character is introduced as nothing more but an ordinary man in the beginning, he is soon awakened by something great and holy. In a way, he becomes what we might call a hero by overcoming something he’d always avoid.

   

What were the social, economic, political and intellectual causes of the French Revolution?

What were the social, economic, political and intellectual causes of the French Revolution?

Following were the social, economic, political and intellectual causes of the French Revolution:

Social :- The social conditions in France in late 18th century were extremely unequal and exploitative. The clergy and the nobility formed the first two Estates and were the most privileged classes in the French society. They were exempt from payment of taxes to the State. On the other hand, the Third Estate that consisted of peasants and workers formed the majority of the population. They were burdened with excessive taxes with no political and social rights. As a result, they were extremely discontent.

Economic: - As a result of a numerous wars waged by Louis XVI the State coffers were empty. The situation was made even more complex by France’s involvement in the American War of Independence and the faulty system of taxation. While the privileged classes were excused from paying taxes the Third Estate was more and more burdened with them.

Political :- The Bourbon king of France, Louis XVI was an extremely autocratic and weak willed king who led a life of obscene luxury. This led to a lot of disenchantment among the masses who then were leading life of extreme poverty and widespread hunger.

Intellectual:- The 18th century was marked by a conscious refusal by French thinkers of the ‘Divine Rights Theory’. Philosophers like Rousseau, rejected the paradigm of absolute monarchy and promulgated the doctrine of equality of man and sovereignty of people. They played a pivotal role in exposing the fault lines of old political system, i.e. the ancient regime, and articulating the popular discontent.

Greek mythological character.

1.      Greek mythological character.

Answer:

Olympians- The main and most important gods were the Twelve Olympians. The home of these gods is at the top of Mount Olympus. There was some variation as to which deities were included in the Twelve.[3] As such, the list below numbers fourteen. It includes all those who are commonly named as one of the Twelve in art and poetry. Dionysus was a later addition; in some descriptions, he replaced Hestia. Hades is not usually included among the Olympians, because his home was the underworld. Some writers, however, such as Plato, named him as one of the Twelve.

Hestia: Goddess of the hearth, home and chastity. She was described as a virgin. She is a daughter of Rhea and Cronus, and sister of Zeus. She could not often be identified in Greek art. She appeared as a veiled woman. Her symbols are the hearth and kettle. In some descriptions, she gave up her seat as one of the Twelve Olympians to Dionysus, and she plays a minor role in Greek myths. The Roman version of Hestia, however, Vesta, was a major goddess in Roman culture.

Zeus - Roman name: Jupiter or Jove. The sky-god Zeus rules Mount Olympus. His weapon is the thunderbolt, and his bird is the eagle. The central figure of the myths, Zeus epitomizes their complexity. At times he is heavenly and represents a pure, eternal sense of justice; at other times, he is capricious and cruel.

Hera - Roman name: Juno. Zeus’s wife and sister, Hera is a very powerful goddess known mostly for her jealousy. Many unfortunate mortals endure hardships by provoking Hera’s wrath.

Hades - Roman name: Pluto. The brother of Zeus and Poseidon, Hades rules the underworld, the realm of the dead, with his wife, Persephone.

Pallas Athena -  Roman name: Minerva. Usually just called Athena, this goddess emerges from Zeus’s head fully-grown and armed. Associated with war, cleverness, and wit, it is no surprise that she favors Odysseus. Athena is the goddess of Wisdom, Reason, and Purity and is chaste, like Artemis and Hestia.

Phoebus Apollo -  Usually just called Apollo. A son of Zeus and Leto and Artemis’s twin, he is the god of Light and Truth, the master of Poetry and Music, and the god of Archery. His Oracle at Delphi is revered for her powers of prophecy and truth.

Artemis - Roman name: Diana. Apollo’s twin sister, Artemis is the beautiful huntress goddess and, like Athena, is somewhat masculine. Artemis is normally good and just, but demands a human sacrifice during the Trojan War.

Aphrodite - Roman name: Venus. Aphrodite is the sweet and delicate goddess of Love, Beauty, and Romance. Even so, she often shows formidable power, as in the story of Cupid and Psyche, and is herself a principal cause of the Trojan War. In a strange twist, lovely Aphrodite is married to the ugly and crippled Hephaestus.

Hermes - Roman name: Mercury. Hermes is the son of Zeus and the Titan Atlas’s daughter Maia. The messenger of the gods, he is fast and cunning. Hermes is a master thief, the god of Commerce and the Market, and the guide who leads the dead from Earth to Hades.

Ares - Roman name: Mars. A vicious god, Ares is hated by both his father, Zeus, and mother, Hera. The god of War, he is always bloody and ruthless, yet we see in his vain bullying that he is also, paradoxically, a coward.

Hephaestus -  Roman name: Vulcan or Mulciber. Hephaestus is either the son of Zeus and Hera, or simply of Hera alone, who gives birth to him in retaliation for Zeus’s solo fathering of Athena. The only ugly Olympian, he is also partially crippled. Hephaestus is the armorer and smith of the gods, and he forges spectacular magical objects. He is kind, generous, and good-natured.

Other Gods, Deities & Supernatural Beings

Dionysus - Dionysus, or Bacchus, god of wine. He embodies both the good and evil effects of alcohol. At times he is a jovial partier and patron of music and art, but at other times he is the god of madness and frenzy.

Demeter - Roman name: Ceres. Though a sister of Zeus, Demeter lives on earth. Demeter is the goddess of corn and harvest. She is kinder than Dionysus but also sadder, mostly because Hades has taken her daughter, Persephone, as his reluctant bride. Demeter thus lies in mourning for four months of the year, leaving the fields barren.

[ https://www.sparknotes.com/lit/mythology/characters/]

1.      The minoan Civilization

Answer:  The term "Minoan" refers to the mythical King Minos of Knossos. Its origin is debated, but it is commonly attributed to archaeologist Arthur Evans (1851–1941).

     The Minoan civilization was a civilization on Crete. It began in the Bronze Age between 3000 and 2700 BC. It lasted until about 1450 BC. The Minoan civilization is famous for its sea trading and well-planned cities. The Minoans had an agricultural system which relied mainly on olives and grapes. Their religion worshiped mostly goddesses. The Minoan civilization was later replaced by the Mycenaean culture.

2. The myccnacan civilization;

3. Athens.

4.Sparta

5. The persian war

6. The peloponnesian war.

Short Description of Hector character, Hector Dead body and Menelaus Character.

Hector Character:

Answer: Hector was a prince of Troy in Greek mythology, son of King Priam and Queen Hecuba. He is also a devoted husband and father, and is very concerned for the survival of Troy.  Hector is the leader of the Trojan forces.  He can be considered the more heroic of the heroes in The Iliad and seems to have a less selfish mentality.  Many of Hector's speeches throughout the epic have to do with concern about the fate of his city and worry about his family.  He is brave warrior and a thoughtful leader.  Under his leadership, the Trojans push the Achaeans back to their ships. After Hector kills Patroclus, Achilles kills Hector for revenge.

How to return Hactor Dead body.

 Answer:  Since he killed Patroclus with the help of a god,  the gods helped arrange his death. The one-on-one combat ends with Achilles killing Hector. Achilles knew that coming to Troy would gain him glory but cost him his life. The final reason Achilles returns Hector's body to Priam is the ransom. Priam gives Achilles gold equal to the weight of Hector's body, per Achilles' demand.

Characteristics of Menelaus in the Iliad?

Answer:  Menelaus, in Greek mythology, king of Sparta and younger son of Atreus, king of Mycenae; the abduction of his wife, Helen, led to the Trojan War. Menelaus is a good soldier and a steady man, but in The Iliad he is overshadowed by the glory of his older brother Agamemnon and the Achaean hero Achilles. ... But it doesn't matter in the end: Menelaus and the Achaeans are the victors, and Helen eventually returns to Sparta with Menelaus.

iliad by homers

iliad

1. King Priam and his Grief.

Answer: Priam, in Greek mythology, the last king of Troy. He succeeded his father, Laomedon, as king and extended Trojan control over the Hellespont. He married first Arisbe (a daughter of Merops the seer) and then Hecuba, and he had other wives and concubines. He had 50 sons, according to Homer’s Iliad, and many daughters. Hecuba bore 19 of the sons, including Priam’s favorites, Hector and Paris.

Homer described Priam at the time of the Trojan War as an old man, powerless but kindly, not even blaming Helen, the wife of Paris, for all his personal losses resulting from the war. In the final year of the conflict, Priam saw 13 sons die: the Greek warrior Achilles killed Polydorus, Lycaon, and Hector within one day. The death of Hector, which signified the end of Troy’s hopes, also broke the spirit of the king. Priam’s paternal love impelled him to brave the savage anger of Achilles and to ransom the corpse of Hector; Achilles, respecting the old man’s feelings and foreseeing his own father’s sorrows, returned the corpse. When Troy fell, Neoptolemus, the son of Achilles, butchered the old king on an altar. Both Priam’s death and his ransoming of Hector were favorite themes of ancient art.

2. Paris and Helen. And Love story.

Answer:  Paris (Also Known As “Alexander”) -  A son of Priam and Hecuba and brother of Hector. Paris’s abduction of the beautiful Helen, wife of Menelaus, sparked the Trojan War. Paris is self-centered and often unmanly. He fights effectively with a bow and arrow (never with the more manly sword or spear) but often lacks the spirit for battle and prefers to sit in his room making love to Helen while others fight for him, thus earning both Hector’s and Helen’s scorn.

Helen - Reputed to be the most beautiful woman in the ancient world, Helen was stolen from her husband, Menelaus, and taken to Troy by Paris. She loathes herself now for the misery that she has caused so many Trojan and Achaean men. Although her contempt extends to Paris as well, she continues to stay with him.

Love story: According to mythology, there was a wedding between Thetis and Peleus. However, the goddess Eris was not invited. She was so incensed at this fact that she caused there to be strife among three goddesses. She brought a golden apple, which three goddess claimed - Athena, Hera and Aphrodite. To decide the matter of who would get the apple, they decided to go to Paris, a mortal, to decide a contest, since he was known for fairness. Paris was to decide who was the most beautiful. The goddesses promised certain things to gain the upper-hand. Hera promised rule over Asia and Europe, Athena promised victory in battle and wisdom, and Aphrodite promised the most beautiful woman in the world. Of course, she failed to mention that this woman was married! Paris picked Aphrodite. From this perspective, Helen fell in love with Paris, because the gods made it so.

3. Role of Gods and Goddesses.

Answer: The Iliad is an epic poem ascribed to the ancient Greek storyteller Homer, which tells the story of the Trojan War and the Greek siege of the city of Troy. Here I mentioned the major gods and personifications described in the poem, including some rivers and winds.

Aidoneus = Hades: god, king of the dead.

Aphrodite: love goddess, Supports the Trojans.

Apollo: god, sends plague, son of Zeus and Leto. Supports the Trojans.

Ares: god of war. Supports the Trojans.

Artemis: goddess, daughter of Zeus and Hera, sister of Apollo. Supports the Trojans.

Athena: goddess active in battle, daughter of Zeus. Supports the Greeks.

Axius: river in Paeonia (in north-eastern Greece), also the river god.

Charis: goddess, wife of Hephaestus.

Dawn: goddess.

Death: brother of Sleep.

Demeter: goddess of grain and food.

Dione: goddess, mother of Aphrodite.

Dionysus: divine son of Zeus and Semele.

Eileithyia: goddess of birth pains and labor pangs.

Fear: goddess: accompanies Ares and Athena into battle.

Flight: god.

Folly: daughter of Zeus.

Furies: goddesses of revenge within the family.

Glauce: a Nereid (daughter of Nereus).

Gygaea: a water nymph: mother of Mesthles and Ascanius (allies of the Trojans).

Hades: brother of Zeus and Poseidon, god of the dead.

Halië: a Nereid (daughter of Nereus).

Hebe: goddess who acts as cupbearer to the gods.

Helios: god of the sun.

Hephaestus: god, son of Zeus and Hera, artisan god, crippled in his legs.

Hera: divine wife and sister of Zeus, daughter of Cronos. Supports the Greeks.

Hermes: divine son of Zeus, called "killer of Argus".

Hyperion: god of the sun.

Iris: goddess, messenger of the gods.

Leto: goddess, mother of Apollo and Artemis.

Limnoreia: a Nereid (daughter of Nereus).

Muses: goddesses, daughters of Zeus.

Nemertes: a Nereid (daughter of Nereus).

Nereus: sea god, father of the Nereids.

Nesaea: a Nereid (daughter of Nereus).

Night: goddess.

North Wind.

Oceanus (Ocean): god of the river surrounding the earth.

Orithyia: a Nereid (daughter of Nereus).

Paeëon: god of healing.

Poseidon: major Olympian god.

Prayers: daughters of Zeus.

Proto: a Nereid (daughter of Nereus).

Rhea: goddess, wife of Cronos.

Rumour: messenger from Zeus.

Seasons: goddesses who look after the gates of Olympus.

Sleep: god, brother of death.

Strife: goddess active in war.

Terror: god, son of Ares.

Tethys: goddess; wife of Oceanus.

Themis: goddess.

Thetis: divine sea nymph, mother of Achilles, daughter of the old man of the sea.

Thoë: a Nereid (daughter of Nereus).

Titans: gods imprisoned by Zeus in Tartarus.

Typhoeus: monster held captive underground by Zeus.

Xanthus: god of the Scamander River.

Zephyrus: the west wind.

Zeus: King of the gods.

4. King Agamemnon in Iliad.

Answer:  Agamemnon (Also Called “Atrides”)  - King of Mycenae and leader of the Achaean army; brother of King Menelaus of Sparta. Arrogant and often selfish, Agamemnon provides the Achaeans with strong but sometimes reckless and self-serving leadership.  

   Iliad begins with the kidnapping of Helen, the beautiful wife of Menelaus. Loyalty to his brother forces Agamemnon to commit to help his brother in his fight to return Helen to her rightful home.  Unfortunately for everyone, Agamemnon’s position outweighs his ability to rule. However, by the end of the Iliad Agamemnon does become a better leader, though as a hero he does not always follow through.

  One of Agamemnon's faults lies in his poor decision-making. Agamemnon’s refusal to return a slave girl Chryseis brings a plague on his people. To save his men he returns the girl, but there is a caveat: he will return his girl, but he wants Briseis, Achilles’ girl. This is poorly received by Achilles; consequently, Achilles refuses to fight in the war.  Agamemnon knows that his side of the fight cannot win without the participation of Achilles.

   However, He is a great warrior, but as a king he often misuses his authority. His love for his brother and concern for his well-being involve him in a battle for which he fights to the bitter end.

5. Fight between menelaus and paris.

Answer: We will begin in Troy in book three of The Iliad. The combined might of the Achaeans stands ready in front of the Trojan walls. Paris walks in front of the Trojan army, ready to battle an Achaean hero. But when Paris sees Menelaus step forward, the Trojan prince balks and tries to hide. His older brother, Prince Hector, shames him into fighting.

  Paris proposes to fight Menelaus as a champion for Helen and her accompanying wealth, thereby preventing the armies from fighting. The fierce warrior-king Menelaus quickly agrees to these terms.

  Then, the combat begins. Menelaus immediately takes the upper hand - he is the stronger fighter. He begins dragging Paris towards the Achaean army by the Trojan's helmet. This would have been the end of Paris, but then a goddess intervenes.

  Just before Paris gets beyond the point of help, the goddess of love, Aphrodite, who helped Paris abscond with Helen, steps in to help him. First, she breaks his helmet strap, allowing him to escape. Then, when Menelaus moves in for the kill, she hides Paris in a mist before transporting him out of harm's way. Thus ends the one-on-one combat.

6. Fight between hector and Achilles.

 Answer:  Most of the Greek Mythology is based on the grace of Gods. These Gods would do anything for power and glory. Homer's Illiad is no different. Gods made their favorites fight in the battles to win over the favor of  Zeus.

  Achilles, initially refused to fight this war as he was dishonored and his gifts (which included a girl) were taken away from him. This made him throw a tantrum and he withdrew his support from the Battle for Troy. Until the point he realized that His close friend and cousin Patroclus was killed by Hector in the battle because he was wearing Achilles armor. Achilles blamed himself for sending him into battle alone and not being with in at his time of death or to protect him from Hector. The death of Patroclus, Achilles wanted to take revenge and so he challenged Hector to fight One-on-one.

   To my personal belief in this fight Achilles took out all his anger that he had suppressed, it was more than just a revenge or to show that he was the greatest warrior in his clan. It was doing justice to all the wrongs that was done to him (not the right way to went out but still).

7. Fight between Azax and Hector.

Answer: In the seventh book of Homer's Iliad , the Trojan Helenus proposes that Hector fight a single combat with one of the Greeks to determine the outcome of the war. Initially, all of the Greeks are too frightened to accept the challenge, so they draw lots to determine who will be Hector's opponent. Ajax “wins" this lottery. A description of Ajax arming himself for battle and a description of his shield follows. After some initial trash-talking between the two warriors, Hector throws his spear, which penetrates six layers of Ajax's shield, But it stopped at the seventh. Ajax's spear-cast also strikes Hector's shield, but Hector avoids being hit. Ajax then knocks Hector down with a massive stone, but Apollo raises Hector up. At this point, two heralds intervene between the two men and stop the fighting since it is determined that Cloud-gatherer Zeus cares for you both (Ian Johnston translation) and that night is approaching. The two warriors agree and exchange gifts to indicate that they fought but became reconciled and parted friends.

8. Odysseus and Patroclus.

Answer: Atroclus is Achilles's only close friend in the story of The Iliad. Achilles shares his deepest thoughts and concerns with Patroclus, and Patroclus gives Achilles the emotional support that Achilles needs to be a strong leader for the Greek forces.

    Patroclus wants to help the Greeks turn the tide of the war against the Trojans, and Achilles reluctantly lets Patroclus go to war. Achilles asks Patroclus to hold back the Greeks, but not to pursue them if they retreat.

   Though Achilles is arrogant and dismissive of other people, he is extremely close with Patroclus. The men share an intimate friendship, and Achilles is reluctant to let Patroclus go to battle because it is such a dangerous, life-risking mission.

   Patroclus's death drives Achilles into an emotional rage that leads to a series of events and many deaths, the most iconic of which is Achilles's killing of Hector, after which Achilles drags Hector's corpse behind his chariot in revenge for Patroclus's death.

Patroclus exists in the story because he is a disposable character in the sense that his primary role as a character is to be a catalyst for the actions of other characters or as a symbol for an important idea.

9. Hera  Athena, Aphrodite

Answer: Athena, goddess of wisdom, most clearly questions patriarchal notions; for example, just after she joins the company on Mount Olympus, she is puzzled to hear Zeus speak of Athens as ""the foremost city of men" Aphrodite, goddess of love, delivers the least involving narrative; she seems more vain than erotic. By contrast, the section on the goddess of marriage, Hera, offers the most provocative spin. This Hera admits that ""quite often"" she is ""jealous, angry, vengeful."" But her account of her marriage to the faithless Zeus makes readers understand her bad behavior and appreciate her marital fidelity. Orgel pays close attention to the judgment of Paris (Paris's choice of Aphrodite as the fairest goddess led to the Trojan War, as Orgel shows). In an epilogue, the goddesses have resolved their differences and none wants to repeat the contest--perhaps an overly optimistic ending, but indicative of the volume's idealism. Heyer's (The Weaving of a Dream) illustrations are oddly conventional; their pretty representations, paradoxically, undercut the vigor of Orgel's bold interpretations.

10. Andromache.

Answer: Andromache is a foil to the other three major characters of the play and underlines the immature and selfish nature of their passions. Her own love is for her husband and son.Andromache has quite a small part in the plot but is a main figure in Hectors life.

     The name Andromache  means "man battler" or "fighter of men“;. She was the wife of Hector and prince of Troy. Also she was daughter of Eetion who was  king of the Cilician Thebae. She was one of the Noblest and most amiable female characters in the Iliad. She was the mother of Scamandrius (Astyanax) and sister to Podes.

    The Aristocratic was the Ancient Greek Woman. Though She is a Trojan woman, there is not much source material on the ideals held by Trojans. This character who only appears in less than 200 lines of Homer's 24-book epic; but it is one of the less famous character of Iliad. In the Homeric Iliad, Andromache is shown in the act of singing three songs of lamentation;

    One of the most tragic character of the saga, for she endures the murder of her parents and Brothers, the indignity of her husband's death, and her son's senseless murder and then she is taken into slavery by the son of her husband’s. She is logical and smart, and love's very deeply, even to the point of sacrifice. Only Andromache’s final speech in book 24 of the Iliad is a ritualistic lament, performed in public.

     As Hector’s wife, a woman of virtuous and aristocratic standing, Andromache has the unique opportunity to speak out against this vain quest for kleos. She is an example of a cunning woman, one who pays attention to the world around her enough to give sound military advice, and to use her own misfortune to garner the pity necessary to gain sympathy. She is more than a weeping widow; However, Andromache had the authority to seemingly step out of her role as a dutiful, virtuous wife and blatantly comment on her husband’s war affairs.

11. Achilles wrath.

Answer: The poet invokes a muse to aid him in telling the story of the rage of Achilles, the greatest Greek hero to fight in the Trojan War. Nine years after the start of the war, as the Achaeans sack a Trojan-allied town and capture two beautiful maidens, Chryseis and Briseis. Agamemnon, commander-in-chief of the Achaean army, takes Chryseis as his prize. Achilles, one of the Achaeans’ most valuable warriors, claims Briseis. Chryseis’s father, a man named Chryses who serves as a priest of the god Apollo, begs Agamemnon to return his daughter and offers to pay an enormous ransom. When Agamemnon refuses, Chryses prays to Apollo for help.

     Apollo sends a plague upon the Greek camp, causing the death of many soldiers. After ten days of suffering, Achilles calls an assembly of the Achaean army and asks for a soothsayer to reveal the cause of the plague. Calchas, a powerful seer, stands up and offers his services. Though he fears retribution from Agamemnon, Calchas reveals the plague as a vengeful and strategic move by Chryses and Apollo. Agamemnon flies into a rage and says that he will return Chryseis only if Achilles gives him Briseis as compensation.

    Achilles' friend, Patroclus, who was fighting at the head of the Greeks,  Achilles' tent to beg him to come and help them once more. Hector killed Patroclus in Battle field. The news of his friend's death had quickly been carried to Achilles. He gave a mighty shout, at the sound of which the Trojans fled, while Ajax and Ulysses brought back the body of Patroclus.

12. Achille's new, Armour.

Answer:  Patroclus is the best friend and companion of Achilles. Although Achilles is reluctant, he loans his armor to Patroclus with a parting warning to be careful. Their plan is to have Achilles' helmet hide the identity of Patroclus.

    Fitted with the armor, Patroclus re-enters the battle disguised as the great hero Achilles. Fighters on both the Trojan and the Greek sides react to what they think is his return. The Greeks rally and the Trojans fall back. Patroclus seems to gain power through the armor and even move like Achilles while he wears it. More than just looking like Achilles, Patroclus seems to have taken on some of his heroic skills in battle by wearing this armor.However, the god Apollo is frustrated by the success of the Greeks and so he intervenes. Apollo stuns Patroclus and removes his helmet. Seeing this, the Trojan hero Hector then challenges and kills Patroclus, taking the armor as a spoil of war. When Hector dons it, Zeus shifts the armor's shape to fit the new owner..

    The Grief of Achilles, and New Armour Made Him by Vulcan. The news of the death of Patroclus is brought to Achilles by Antilochus.  He gave a mighty shout, at the sound of which the Trojans fled, while Ajax and Ulysses brought back the body of Patroclus. Thetis, hearing his lamentations, comes with all her sea- nymphs to comfort him. The speeches of the mother and son on this occasion. Homer describes this one as using the metals copper, tin, silver, and gold. It is said to shine brighter than a fire's blaze. With his new armor, Achilles goes on a destructive push towards the Trojan Wall.

13. Art of War in iliad.

Answer:  One of the most famous epic narratives of classical mythology is that of the Trojan War, a decade-long conflict over possession of the most beautiful woman in the world, Helen. Pitting Greeks against Trojans, the story of the war featured countless heroes, like Achilles and Odysseus, and was integral both to the psyche of the ancient Greeks, and the mythical foundations of the ancient Romans.

Art historian Renee Gondek recounts the story of the Trojan War, from the judgment of Paris and the abduction of Helen to the construction of the Trojan Horse and the sack of Troy. She explores and weaves together multiple (and sometimes conflicting) strands of evidence from many periods of antiquity.

    In addition to narrating passages from ancient literary sources including Homer’s Iliad (ca. 750 BC) and Apollodorus’ Bibliotheca (ca. 100 AD), she illustrates the program with important artistic works, such as the famous Sarpedon Krater by Euphronios and the Laocoön Group in the Vatican Museums. Testifying to the importance of this legendary tale, with its timeless themes of beauty, courage, and sacrifice, Gondek also surveys later representations of the Trojan War, such as Peter Paul Rubens’ Judgment of Paris and Nicolas Poussin’s Achilles Discovered on Skyros.