The Wandarer

1. Explain Narrative Point of view of the Wanderer?

Answer: The Wanderer is an Old English poem preserved only in an anthology known as the Exeter Book, a manuscript dating from the late 10th century.

   It is most commonly said that there are two speakers in the wander. The first speaker is a narrator who is reviving(পুনরায় জীবত করা) an ancient poem and not part of the original.  In this theory, the narrator is a later individual who has been converted from paganism(নিকৃষ্ট ধর্ম) to Christianity and who attempts to combine the non-Christian narrative of the tale(গল্প) with a Christian theology(ধর্মতত্ত্ব) of seeking mercy(line2) and refuge(আশ্রয়স্থান) (line 116) from the "Father in heaven," a definitive Christian reference. The wanderer(line-6) goes on what they call an exile to find a new king and kingdom that will accept him and which he can embrace because now he has no one who will accept his affection or give him 'consolation( সান্ত্বন).

2. Literary device of the poem “ The Wanderer.

Answer:  Literary devices include similes, metaphors and personification (the attribution of human nature or character to animals, inanimate objects, or abstract notions), etc.

Similes: The poem  the Wanderer at Line 24 " mad and desolate as winter" there is a simile. The earth-stepper describes himself as "mad and desolate as winter" in a simile that shows the way his mood is matched by the wintry weather through which he travels.

Metaphor: In Line Line-54  Memories of the wanderer's friends " Swim away" from him there is  Metaphor. 

Personification: Fasten[ his heart] with fetters. Winter weather " attacking".

3. What is the Christian and pegan element of the wanderer?

Answer: The Wanderer is an Old English poem preserved only in an anthology known as the Exeter Book, a manuscript dating from the late 10th century.

   In "The Wanderer" The poet has lost his people; he is utterly alone in the world. There is none alive to whom he dares express his " innermost thought;" he contemplates the fallen state of the world-

  "Indeed I cannot think/why my spirit/ does not darken/ when I ponder the world/ life of men/ Throughout the world/ How they suddenly left the hall,/ the proud thames".

  In the Wanderer, the ultimate evil of the pegan world to be without kinsmen, utterly forgotten- is conflated with a kind of cosmic or spiritual destruction. : " all the foundation of this world turns to waste!" The Christian god is a fearsome agent of destruction, on the one hand, and, in the conclusion of the poem, the only source of mercy and consolation for the poet.

4. Why it's called an elegy?

Answer: An elegy is a sad poem, usually written to praise and express sorrow for someone who is dead.

  The Wanderer is an Old English poem preserved only in an anthology known as the Exeter Book, a manuscript dating from the late 10th century.

    In "The Wanderer" The poet has lost his people; he is utterly alone in the world. There is none alive to whom he dares express his " innermost thought;" he contemplates the fallen state of the world-

  "Indeed I cannot think/why my spirit/ does not darken/ when I ponder the world/ life of men/ Throughout the world/ How they suddenly left the hall,/ the proud thames".

  In the Wanderer, the ultimate evil of the pegan world to be without kinsmen, utterly forgotten- is conflated with a kind of cosmic or spiritual destruction. : " all the foundation of this world turns to waste!"

    That is why we can call the wanderer as  an elegy. 

Western Civilian

4.  Dramatic Irony of Agamemnon.

Answer:   In Greek mythology, Agamemnon is a king of Mycenae, the son of King Atreus and Queen Aerope of Mycenae. Agamemnon is a courageous and  fighter king and fought in Trojan  

     In Agamemnon, we have seen the dramatic Irony of  Agamemnon is about his beterhalf Clytemnestra and Cassandra.  The audience and chorus knows Clytemnestra is up to no good, but Agamemnon does not. Clytemnestra is a cruel, pitiless, woman, a killer of her own husband who deserves to be punished for her actions. According to Electra, Clytemnestra killed Agamemnon so that she could be with Aegisthus. Clytemnestra, however, paints a very different picture of the murder.

     Cassandra's function as a character is to therefore greatly add to the dramatic irony of the play: the audience knows the legend of Agamemnon. Cassandra is Apollo's lover. Apollo gave her the gift of prophecy, but when she refused to bear him a child, he punished her by making all around her disbelieve her predictions. She sees the ancestral curse afflicting Agamemnon's family, and predicts both his death and her own,

Western Civilian

1. Struggle between patricians & plebian.

 Answer: The Struggle of the Orders was a climatic event that took place in the early Roman Republic. It was a conflict between the Patrician and Plebeian classes of Roman Society that saw the Plebeian Class demanding more rights.

The plebeians were the lower class.  They included everyone who was not a patrician.  They were sometimes just called plebs.

The patricians were the upper class. They were the wealthy landowners. All free adult males were citizens, no matter what their class.  In both classes, the oldest male was the paterfamilias or head of the family.  Old age was honored, and women had no rights.  If you could afford them, both classes owned slaves.  The houses of both classes were designed the same way unless you were too poor to own your own home.  Everyone worshipped the same gods, and observed the same festivals and holy days.  Everyone spoke Latin and everyone went to the baths and enjoyed the forum. Plebeians and Patricians rarely mixed socially. For a while, it was illegal for a pleb and patrician to marry. Under the Republic, that law was finally changed. Still, marriages between the classes was rare.

2. Puric wars(1st/2nd/3rd) wars with cartage.

Answer:  The Punic Wars were a series of three wars fought between Rome and Carthage from 264 BC to 146 BC. At the time, they were some of the largest wars. The term Punic comes from the Latin word Punicus (or Poenicus), meaning "Carthaginian",.

Punic Wars 1st War: First Punic War, also called First Carthaginian War (264–241 bce). First Punic War, also called First Carthaginian War. First of three wars between the Roman Republic and the Carthaginian (Punic) empire. The First Punic War was fought to establish control over the strategic islands of Corsica and Sicily. Finally Carthage surrendered, ceding Sicily and the Lipari Islands to Rome and agreeing to pay an indemnity.

Punic Wars 2nd War: The Second Punic War (aka The Hannibalic War) was fought between Carthage and Rome between 218 and 201 BCE. One must consider the reasons for tensions being high enough to cause a second war so soon after the first had ended. The causes of the war were a result of both Roman and Carthaginian actions. The duration of second war is about 17 years. The second punic war are won by Rome.

Punic Wars 3rd War: The Third Punic War was fought between Carthage and Rome between 149 and 146 BCE. after Carthage technically broke its treaty with Rome by declaring war against the neighboring state of Numidia, the Romans sent an army to North Africa, beginning the Third Punic War. The third punic war are also won by Rome.

3. Slave Remove led by Spartacus.

Answer:  Spartacus lived the life of a gladiator. He was basically a slave who was forced to fight for the entertainment of the Romans. Some of the fights were to the death.He became tired of risking his life for the entertainment of others. He wanted to escape and go home.

In 73 BC, seventy gladiators, with Spartacus as their leader, escaped from the gladiator school.As Spartacus continued to have success against the Roman army, more and more slaves began to desert their owners and join up with Spartacus. The Romans became increasingly scared and worried about this large force of slaves and gladiators moving about the country. They gathered a large army of around 50,000 soldiers under the leadership of Crassus. At the same time Pompey the Great was returning from another war. The two generals defeated the slave revolt and killed Spartacus . he Romans captured 6,000 slaves in the final battle. They crucified all 6,000 along a road called the Appian Way that went from Rome to Capua where the rebellion first began

4. Contribution of the Rome in western civilization.

Answer: The Romans were very good at copying other peoples ideas, but they rarely gave other civilizations credit for these ideas.  According to the ancient Romans, everything was invented by Romans.

 Architecture: The ancient Romans are referred to as the great builders, and they were. They developed many new techniques for buildings and construction.

Public Health Programs: The Romans were great believers in healthy living.  They made sure that all the people of Rome were able to get medical help.

Religion: The Catholic faith, which kept learning alive after the fall of the Western Roman Empire.

Roman Law/Politics: The ancient Roman republic allowed only Roman citizens to vote for leaders, who then created their laws. In ancient Rome, only adult free men could be citizens.

Works of Literature: The Romans wrote many plays including Virgil's Aeneid.

Satire:  The Romans used satire in plays and literature in a loud and rude sort of sarcastic approach, especially in comic theatre

Customs:  The Romans invented the use of rings to denote friendship, engagements, andweddings,

Roman Calendar: When Julius Caesar came to power, he decided to throw out the old calendar and invent a new one. The new calendar was Caesar's calendar. The new calendar had 365 days each year for three years, and 366 days on the fourth year, just like our calendar today.

Clothing:  The Romans invented socks worn by both women and men. They improved footwear considerably for all kinds of shoes.

Games: Many board and ball games including knuckleball (jacks) and hoops.

 5. Foundation of the Rome.

Answer: Romulus and Remus are the mythological twin brothers who founded the city of Rome. Romulus and Remus were twin boys born to a princess named Rhea Silvia. Their father was the fierce Roman god of war, Mars.The king where the boys lived was scared that someday Romulus and Remus would overthrow him and take his throne. So he had the boys left in a basket on the Tiber River. He figured they would soon die. But the boys did not die.

The twins eventually came to the place where Rome is located today. They both liked the general area, but each wanted to place the city on a different hill. Romulus went ahead and started building a wall around Palantine Hill. However, Remus was jealous and began to make fun of Romulus' wall. At one point Remus jumped over the wall to show how easy it was to cross. Romulus became angry and killed Remus. With Remus dead, Romulus continued to work on his city. He officially founded the city on April 21, 753 BC, making himself king, and naming it Rome after himself. From there he began to organize the city. He divided his army into legions of 3,300 men. He called his 100 most noble men the Patricians and the elders of Rome the Senate. The city grew and prospered. For over 1,000 years Rome would be one of the most powerful cities in the world.

First World War Main Event( History of Europe)

1914-- Austrian Archduke Francis Ferdinand assassinated:  Archduke Ferdinand assassinated. On this day in 1914, Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria and his wife Sophie are shot to death by a Bosnian Serb nationalist during an official visit to the Bosnian capital of Sarajevo. The killings sparked a chain of events that led to the outbreak of World War I by early August.

World War-I begins: World War I began in 1914, after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, and lasted until 1918. During the conflict, Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria and the Ottoman Empire (the Central Powers) fought against Great Britain, France, Russia, Italy, Romania, Japan and the United States (the Allied Powers).

First Battle of the Marne:  On September 9, the exhausted Germans began a fighting retreat to the Aisne River.

1915 : -First use of Poison gas by German:

On April 22, 1915, The first major gas attacked by the Germans, and it devastated the Allied line.

- Lusitania Sunk:  On May 7, 1915, less than a year after World War I (1914-18) erupted across Europe, a German U-boat torpedoed and sank the RMS Lusitania, a British ocean liner en route from New York to Liverpool, England.

1916:  Battle of Verdun: The Battle of Verdun in 1916 was the longest single battle of World War One.

-- Battle of Jutland: The Battle of Jutland was a naval battle fought by Britain's Royal Navy against the Imperial German Navy's.

1917:

--Russian Revolution: Russia signalled her withdrawal from World War One soon after the October Revolution of 1917, and the country turned in on itself with a bloody civil war between the Bolsheviks and the conservative White Guard.

--United States declares war:  On April 2, 1917, President Woodrow Wilson declared war against Germany

1918:

Russia Leaves the War: The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk was a peace treaty signed on 3 March 1918 between the new Bolshevik government of Russia and the Central Powers that ended Russia's participation in World War I.

Allies Advance: The Hundred Days Offensive (8 August to 11 November 1918) was an Allied offensive which ended the First World War.

1919: Germany Signs armistice:

On Nov. 11, 1918, fighting in World War I came to an end following the signing of an armistice between the Allies and Germany at 11 a.m.– it was on the 11th hour of the 11th day of the 11th month.

Short Question of The Duchess of Malfi

The Duchess of Malfi

1. Discuss malo dramatic elements

Answer:

“The Duchess of Malfi” by John Webster is a kind of Revenge Tragedy modeled on Seneca, the Latin playwright of 1st century A.D.

We have seen that there was a love affair between the Duchess and Antonio and at last they marry and they produce three children. On hearing the news of their secret marriage and their children, the cardinal and The Duke Fardinand react angrily. And from the beginning to the end of Act two, scene five, we seed the reaction of the two brothers for the action of their sister. They think that the Duchess has destroyed the reputation and status of their family. The Duchess has been separated from her husband and oldest child, stripped of her wealth and power, and imprisoned.

   This drama contains so many elements of horrors or which it can be classified as a melodrama. From the beginning to the end of this drama, there are a lot of elements of horrors. The last two acts of the play have an abundance of them. However melodramatic episodes are seen earlier too. The Duke in order to horrify the Duchess gives a dead man’s hand to her and she kisses it taking it to be the Duke's hand. The spectacle of waxen images of the dead bodies of Antonio and children presented before the Duchess is another horrid scene. The unruly dance of the mad men before the Duchess, the appearance of Bosola as a tomb makes and a bell man and the appearance of the executioners with bell and core in procession, too are intended to create horror. The next horror is mentioned in the series of murders committed by Bosola. The last horror comes when Julia is poisoned in a most cold-blooded manner. Antonio is killed and Ferdinand, Cardinal and Bosola all meet their death at the end. So, there are the ten murders.

2. Bosola Character or role?***

Answer:  Bosola is complicated and fascinating character. He acts the role of both villain and avenger, working first against and then for the duchess.

First, Bosola agrees to work as aspy and also murder the Duchess for Ferdinand and the Cardinal, even though he knows they are evil and their court corrupt. He realizes he has entered into a wicked bargain. Ferdinand offers him a respectable job, something he covets very highly, as an ex-convict who spent seven years as a galley slave because of the murder he committed earlier.

Lated, However, the cynical Bosola grows to admire the Duchess for her genuine goodness. He sees the kind works of her " white hand."

He wishes he worked for her, but he has made his bargain. He kills her, as is expected. However, when ferdinand reneges on paying Bosola, Bosola gets angry. killing the Duchess, Bosola says, was " much against mine own good nature." He decides to avenge the Duchess by killing her brothers, though he is killed in return.

3. Role of Servant( Coriola, Antonio).

Answer: Coriola Character:

 Poor Cariola. She's really between a rock and a hard place.

Cariola is the Duchess's maid and one of the only two people (the other being Delio) who originally knows about the Duchess's marriage to Antonio. The Duchess trusts Cariola completely, but also doesn't take her completely seriously. Why? Well, Cariola may be the Duchess's confidante, but she's also her servant, and the Duchess frequently dismisses her concerns and suggestions.

While Cariola is unwaveringly loyal to the Duchess and does like Antonio, the whole secret-marriage-secret-family thing freaks her out.

Cariola sticks by the Duchess even when the rest of the courtly entourage has left for greener, less evil-brother-infested pastures, and is finally captured along with the Duchess by Ferdinand.

Cariola's death comes moments after the Duchess's, and there's a sharp contrast between the two: while the Duchess dies in a dramatically momentous scene, full of dignity and resignation, Cariola scrabbles and begs until the bitter end, doing everything she can to convince Bosola to spare her life. Poor girl.

 Antonio Character:

Antonio returned from France, full of scorn for the Italian courtiers whom he sees as more corrupt than the French. Antonio is the Duchess’s steward. He is very capably runs the Duchess’s estate. However he is neither wealthy nor high-born but the duchess fall in love on Antonio and propose Antonio for marry.  Antonio accepts the Duchess' proposal of marriage because of her disposition rather than her beauty.  Duchess considers him to be a “complete” man, and the two of them secretly marry. Duchess  think that Antonio is marrying for love, not just money. He is also knowledgeable about people: even early in the play he knows that Ferdinand and the Cardinal are duplicitous and murderous. Despite his knowledge of their characters, though, he proves entirely incapable of protecting his family from Ferdinand or the Cardinal.

During this effort, he is accidentally killed by Bosola, who mistakes Antonio for someone else.  His honesty and good judgment of character are traits well known to the other characters.

4. Which Machiavellian Villain hero of the duchess of malfi?

Answer:  As we may know, Machiavelli was an Italian who wrote the political treatise The Prince about a century before The Duchess of Malfi. His basic game plan for the achievement of power? Play dirty.

We see the rise of the stock character "The Machiavellian Villain," the guy we can depend upon to ruthlessly plot, cheat and manipulate his way to victory. we get a version of him in The Duchess of Malfi in the form of the totally immoral Cardinal, the smooth, planning, and plotting half of the Evil Brothers Duo. In case we were wondering, and disqualifying Bosola as a true Machiavellian villain because he (a) does have a sense of morality and (b) doesn't actually achieve power through his trickery—he's the puppet, not the puppet-master.

Beyond the specific Machiavellian character, though, The Duchess of Malfi definitely fixates on corrupt government, and it's important to know that it's not doing so in a vacuum. For some more on The Duchess of Malfi's personal spin on the corruption of power, head on over to the "Power Theme."

5. Duchess of Malfi as a Senecan Tragedies? Or Seneca and Webster's The Duchess of Malfi?

Answer:

The Duchess of Malfi is a macabre revenge tragedy written in 1613 or 1614 and originally published in 1623 as The Tragedy of the Duchess of Malfi. It is loosely based on real events that took place in the early sixteenth century in Italy. Webster did not invent the story of this play, but it was drawn, as many of Shakespeare's plays were, from William Painter's The Palace of Pleasure, a common collection of stories published in 1567. The play is a kind of revenge tragedy modeled on Seneca's model. It can be seen as a continuity of Seneca's influence on English revenge tragedy for including violence, conspiracies, and the theme of revenge in addition to the five-act structure. Although Webster borrowed most of the dramatic elements of this genre, he adapted some of them in order to be in agreement with his purposes. The complexity of some of its characters, especially the Duchess and Bosola, as well as the grand language of the writer placed this play among the greatest tragedies of the English Renaissance drama. The Duchess of Malfi told us the tale of a young widow who faced her tragic end, violent death, for resisting the traditions of her society. She fell in love and married beneath her social class and that is what set off a storm of vengeance. Her two powerful brothers imposed their revenge, "destroying themselves in the process."

6. Duchess of Malfi as a Tragedy?

Answer:

“The Duchess of Malfi” by John Webster is a kind of Revenge Tragedy modeled on Seneca, the Latin playwright of 1st century A.D.This play contains the depth of extreme violence, plotting and mostly revenge on the best part which are the chief elements of revenge tragedy.

 If we want to consider The Duchess of Malfi as a Revenge Tragedy from the light of the characterizations of Revenge Tragedy pointed out previously, we will find almost all the elements of Revenge Tragedy in The Duchess of Malfi.

  

We have seen that there was a love affair between the Duchess and Antonio and at last they marry and they produce three children. On hearing the news of their secret marriage and their children, the cardinal and The Duke Fardinand react angrily.

The Duchess of Malfi differs in a number of ways from the traditional revenge play. It doesn't become clear why revenge is taken on the Duchess. Her only fault is that she has married below her rank and status and thus the two brothers think, she has disgraced the family. She has certainly not committer any heinous crime for which she is subjected unjustified.

In summing up we can say that "The Duchess of Malfi" is a revenge tragedy. Although Webster wrote this drama following the tradition of revenge tragedy, he has modified some of its aspects to make it unique. So, in a word we can say that it is a perfect revenge tragedy.