Some Short Question and Answer of History of Europe.

History of Europe

1. The Renaissance of Europe.

Answer: The Renaissance was a period of time from the 14th to the 17th century in Europe. This era bridged the time between the Middle Ages and modern times. The word "Renaissance" means "rebirth".    The Renaissance was a time of "coming out of the dark". It was a rebirth of education, science, art, literature, music, and a better life for people in general.

     A big part of the Renaissance was a cultural movement called humanism. Humanism was a philosophy that all people should strive to be educated and learned in the classical arts, literature, and science.  The Renaissance started in Florence, Italy and spread to other city-states in Italy. The true geniuses of the Renaissance were great examples of this. Leonardo da Vinci was a master painter, sculptor, scientist, inventor, architect, engineer, and writer.

2. The Protestant Reformation.

Answer: The Reformation occurred during Renaissance times. It was a split in the Catholic Church where a new type of Christianity called Protestantism was born.

     During the Middle Ages, few people knew how to read and write. However, with the Renaissance, more and more people became educated and learned how to read. At the same time, the printing press was invented. People were able to read the Bible for themselves for the first time.

3. The Industrial Revolution of Europe.

Answer: The industrial revolution in Europe didn't happen overnight. The Industrial Revolution was the transition to new manufacturing processes in the period form about 1760 to sometimes between 1820 and 1840. This transition included going from hand production methods to machines, new chemical manufacturing and iron production processes, the increasing use of steam power, the development of machine tools and the rise of the factory system. Textiles were the dominant industry of the Industrial Revolution in terms of employment, value of output and capital invested. The textile industry was also the first to use modern production methods. During Industrial revolution there was an effect all the europe. There are:

-Lead to the modern capitalist economy;    -Altered the daily lives of all people;

-Increase in per capita income;   -Economic and social gap;  -Increase in life expectancy;

-Increase in population;  -Urbanization;  -Organized labor;  -Increase in political participation

4. What was the French Revolution?

Answer: The French Revolution was a period of time in France when the people knock off the monarchy and took control of the government.

• When did it take place? : The French Revolution lasted 10 years from 1789 to

1799. It began on July 14, 1789 when revolutionaries stormed a prison called the Bastille.

• The French Estates: Before the French Revolution, the people of France were

divided into three social groups called "Estates."   Most of the people were members of the Third Estate and paid most of the taxes.

• Revolutionary Government : At the start of the revolution, representatives from

the Third Estate established the National Assembly where they demanded that King Louis XVI give them certain rights. This group soon took control of the country.

• Political Clubs: Many of the new political ideas and alliances of the French

Revolution were formed in political clubs.

• Outcome : The French Revolution completely changed the social and political

structure of France. It brought new ideas to Europe including liberty and the abolishment of slavery and the rights of women. Although the revolution ended with the rise of Napoleon, the ideas and reforms did not die.

5. The First World War

Answer:

World War-1 was a major conflict fought between 1914 and 1918 and fought between the Allied Powers and the Central Powers. The main members of the Allied Powers were France, Russia, and Britain. The United States also fought on the side of the Allies after 1917. The main members of the Central Powers were Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria.

Where was most of the fighting? : The majority of the fighting took place in Europe along two fronts: the western front and the eastern front.

How did it start? Although there were a number of causes for the war, the assassination of Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand was the main catalyst for starting the war. After the assassination, Austria declared war on Serbia. Then Russia prepared to defend its ally Serbia. Next, Germany declared war on Russia to protect Austria. This caused France to declare war on Germany to protect its ally Russia. Germany invaded Belgium to get to France which caused Britain to declare war on Germany. This all happened in just a few days.

How did it end?:The fighting ended on November 11, 1918 when a general armistice was agreed to by both sides. The war officially ended between Germany and the Allies with the signing of the Treaty of Versailles.

6. The Second World war

Answer: World War II was fought between the Axis Powers (Germany, Italy, Japan) and the Allied Powers (Britain, United States, Soviet Union, France). Most of the countries in the world were involved in some way. It was the deadliest war in all of human history with around 70 million people killed.

When was it? : World War II started in 1939 when Germany invaded Poland. Great Britain and France responded by declaring war on Germany. The war in Europe ended with Germany's surrender on May 7, 1945. The war in the Pacific ended when Japan surrendered on September 2, 1945.

Where was it? : World War II started in Europe, but spread throughout the world. Much of the fighting took place in Europe and in Southeast Asia (Pacific).

Know about English Literature

Anglo saxon Literature:

Old English literature, also called Anglo-Saxon literature, literature written in Old English c. 650–c. 1100. For a description of this period in the context of the history of English literature, see English literature: The Old English period.

  Beowulf is the oldest surviving Germanic epic and the longest Old English poem; it was likely composed between 700 and 750. Other great works of Old English poetry include The Wanderer, The Seafarer, The Battle of Maldon, and The Dream of the Rood.

   Old English prose works include legal writings, medical tracts, religious texts, and translations from Latin and other languages. Particularly notable is the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, a historical record begun about the time of King Alfred’s reign (871–899) and continuing for more than three centuries.

History of Literature:

Literature is the written work of a specific culture, sub-culture, religion, philosophy or the study of such written work which may appear in poetry or in prose. Literature, in the west, originated in the southern Mesopotamia region of Sumer (c. 3200) in the city of Uruk and flourished in Egypt, later in Greece  and from there, to Rome. Writing seems to have originated independently in China from divination practices and also independently in Mesoamerica and elsewhere.

The first author of literature in the world, known by name, was the high-priestess of Ur, Enheduanna (2285-2250 BCE) who wrote hymns in praise of the Sumerian goddess Inanna.

Literature is divided into the categories of fiction or non-fiction today but these are often rbitrary decisions as ancient literature, as understood by those who wrote the tales down, as well as those who heard them spoken or sung pre-literacy, was not understood in the same way as it is in the modern-day.

Literature theme:

In contemporary literary studies, a theme is the central topic a text treats.[1] Themes can be divided into two categories: a work's thematic concept is what readers "think the work is about" and its thematic statement being "what the work says about the subject".[2]

The most common contemporary understanding of theme is an idea or point that is central to a story, which can often be summed in a single word (e.g. love, death, betrayal). Typical examples of themes of this type are conflict between the individual and society; coming of age; humans in conflict with technology; nostalgia; and the dangers of unchecked ambition.

II. Examples of Theme

Example 1

A man, fueled by an urge for power and control due to his own pride, builds a supercomputer. That supercomputer then takes over the world, causing chaos and struggle galore.

This sci-fi style story contains many common themes. A few of its themes include:

§  Danger of excessive pride

§  The risky relationship between humankind and developing technology

Example 2

A boy and a girl fall in love. The boy is forced to join the army and fights to survive in a war-torn country as his beloved waits at home. When he returns from war, the two are united and married.

The love story also has many common themes in literature:

§  The power of true love

§  Fate, which sometimes tears lovers apart and then joins them together

§  War

As can be seen from these examples, themes can range widely from ideas, as large as love and war, to others as specific as the relationship between humankind and technology.

III. Types of Theme

there are two types of themes: major and minor themes.

a. Major Themes

Major themes are, just as they sound, the more important and enduring themes of the narrative. Major themes are the most significant themes of the story, and often they are a part of the entire story. A book on war would have the major theme of war’s effect on humanity, whereas a romance novel would have the major theme of love.

b. Minor Themes

Minor themes are, on the other hand, less important and less enduring. They may appear for part of the narrative only to be replaced by another minor theme later in the narrative. They provide discussion points for a chapter or two, but do not color the entire story. A book on war may have minor themes such as the home front’s reaction to war or the political aspects of war. A romance novel may have minor themes such as flirtation, marriage, and fidelity.

Old English VS Middle English

Difference Between Old and Middle English

Old English is the earliest historical form of the English language.

Middle English developed out of Old English after the Norman Conquest in 1066.

Period

Old English was used from 400s to 1100s.

Middle English was used from the 1100s to 1400s.

Syntax

Old English did not have a fixed word order.

Middle English began to have a fixed word order.

Grammar – Inflections

Old English nouns, pronouns, adjectives and verbs have many inflectional forms and endings.

Middle English simplified many inflectional forms of nouns, adjectives and verbs.

Grammar – Case

Old English had dative and instrumental cases.

Middle English moved to prepositional constructions.

Relation to Modern English

Old English is very different from Modern English. A modern English speaker cannot understand it without study.

Middle English is somewhat similar to Modern English than Old English.

Tragedy and Comedy in Literature.

1. what is tragedy in literature?

Answer:

A drama or literary work in which the main character is brought to ruin or suffers extreme sorrow, especially as a consequence of a tragic flaw, moral weakness, or inability to cope with unfavorable circumstances. b. The genre made up of such works.

Or

Tragedy, branch of drama that treats in a serious and dignified(মহৎ) style the sorrowful or terrible events faced or caused by a heroic individual. By extension the term may be applied to other literary works, such as the novel.

2. What is Comedy in literature?

Answer:

Comedy is a literary genre and a type of dramatic work that is amusing and satirical in its tone, mostly having a cheerful ending. The motif of this dramatic work is triumph over unpleasant circumstance by creating comic effects, resulting in a happy or successful conclusion.

Or

Comedy is a form of entertainment that is meant to be ridiculous and funny, whether in literature, film, television, theatre or stand-up. The goal of most comedy examples is to induce laughter in the audience.

Short Question on Volpone .

1. Discuss Volpone as comedy of humor?

Answer:

    The conception of the humor of the medieval age has a great impact in Ben Jonson’s Volpone, especially in the character development. Actually, Volpone is, to many extents, based upon the humor theory. In the play, Volpone, Mosca, Corvino, Corbaccio, Voltore, Sir politic Would be and this imbalance make the play a comedy since these abnormal characters pave the way for making the plot satiric and amusing. Each character is peculiar and singular in his own way. Here Jonson shows that the mental imbalance is more dangerous than physical imbalance as he shows that, the characters Nano, Castrone and androgyno being physically abnormal, are better creatures than the earlier ones. A comedy of humors focuses in characters, each character representing a type of personality. The characters in Volpone are stereotypes. All of the characters are imbalanced as well, so their “humors” are out of balance and they thus act in comical ways. Thus, Volpone is a comedy of humors.

2. Animal imagery in the volpone.

Answer:

     Animal imagery:The animal imagery, that runs alongside the animalistic names of the characters, is very important as it gives us insight into the (corrupt) nature of each character.

By giving them animalistic names, Jonson clearly sees the 'clients' as scavengers, after naming them after birds of prey. He sees their actions in fight for Volpone's wealth as primitive and malicious.

Textual Evidence:

'I shall have instantly my Vulture, Crow, Raven come flying here on the news, to peck for carrion'

'Give me my furs'

'He is not dead' / 'All good symptoms'

'A creature of delight'

'His furs and foot-cloths;waited on by herd-clients'

Character Names:

Most of the characters names' are Itlian words for animals:

Volpone = Fox

Mosca = Parasitic Fly

Voltore = Vulture

Animalistic Imagery in the language.

This beast/animal imagery in the language is used in Volpone to represent the deformity and degeneration of the characters and moral abnormality found in Venice, portraying the city as a hotbed of crime, knavery and lust.

'Begin their visitation! Vulture, kite, Raven, and gor-crow, all my birds of prey, That think me leaving carcass.'

Critical Quotes

'It is difficult to condemn real vultures for behaving like vultures.' - Robert Macdonald.

'In this strongly moralistic play, the presentation of man as a beast - specifically beast and birds of prey - is used as a satirical device' - James M. Welsh Corvino = Crow

Corbaccio = Raven

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3. Characteristic analysis of  lagacy, hunters of Volpone.

Answer:

Three legacy hunters are Voltore, a lawyer; Corbaccio, an old gentleman; and Corvino, a merchant

Voltore

One of the three legacy hunters or carrion-birds—the legacy hunters continually circle around Volpone, giving him gifts in the hope that he will choose them as his heir. Voltore is a lawyer by profession, and, as a result, he is adept in the use of words.

 Voltore is, like all the legacy hunters, named after a carrion-bird. In the case of Voltore, that bird is the vulture; for Corvino, it is the crow, and for Corbaccio, the raven. Voltore is the most pleasant of all the legacy hunters, for he is the least crass and the least obsessed with seeing Volpone die.

His preferential status shows in Mosca's special regard for him: Mosca tries to make sure that Voltore gets enough payment for his services at the Scrutineo in Act IV. But Voltore comes to regret his actions at the Scrutineo. Of course, this regret only comes after he has been denied his inheritance, and it seems to stem directly from his bitterness at Mosca's leapfrogging over him on the social ladder.

And when Volpone whispers to him that he might still get his inheritance, he stops confessinghis lies to the Scrutineo and pretends that he was "possessed" by an evil demon. Theverbal irony is that Voltore, in that statement and action, reveals his greed.

Corbaccio

Another "carrion-bird" circling Volpone, Corbaccio is actually extremely old and ill himself and is much more likely to die before Volpone even has a chance to bequeath him his wealth. He has a hearing problem and betrays no sign of concern for Volpone, delighting openly in (fake) reports of Volpone's worsening symptoms. He goes as far as to testify against his own son. He is finally punished, sent to a monastery, and forced to turn his estate over to his son, Bonario.

Corvino

A greedy, rich merchant and an extremely cruel and dishonorable character, Corvino is Celia's jealous husband. He frequently threatens to do disgusting acts of physical violence to her and her family in order to gain control over her. Yet he is more concerned with financial gain than with her faithfulness, seeing her, in essence, as a piece of property. Corvino is another one of the "carrion-birds" circling Volpone. Corvino is punished in theend for offering up his wife, which results in her returning to her father, with her dowry tripled. Corviono is the third of the "carrion-birds" circling Volpone.

4. Character analysis Volpone Mosca

Answer:

Volpone

Volpone is the protagonist of the play. His name means "The Fox" in Italian. Jonson used him as an instrument of satire of money-obsessed society, and he seems to share in Jonson's satiric interpretation of the events. He is lustful, raffish, and greedy for pleasure.He is a creature of passion, continually looking to find and attain new forms of pleasure,whatever the consequences may be. He is also energetic and has an unusual gift for rhetoric. He worships his money, all of which he has acquired through cons, such as the one he plays on Voltore, Corbaccio, and Corvino. Volpone has no children, but he has something of a family: his parasite, Mosca, his dwarf, Nano, his eunuch, Castrone, and his hermaphrodite, And rogyno. Mosca is his only true confidante. Volpone hates to make money through honest labour or cold, he loves making it in clever, deceitful ways. This dynamic in his character shapes our reaction to him throughout the play. At times, this hedonism seems fun, engaging, entertaining, and even morally valuable, such as when he is engaged in the con on his fortune hunters. But his attempted seduction of Celia revealsa darker side to his hedonism when it becomes an attempted rape. The incident makeshim, in the moral universe of the play, a worthy target of satire. Through the play, welearn that he is the one who makes the satire but the satire eventually turns back on him,when he becomes a victim of Mosca's "Fox-trap." The reason he is ensnared by Mosca is that he cannot resist one final gloat at his dupes, oblivious to the fact that in doing so, hehands over his entire estate to Mosca. This lack of rational forethought and commitmentto his own sensual impulses is characteristic of Volpone. Therefore, he has threeweaknesses that might make his ‘plots’ fail: the first is his lust for Celia, the second is hisoverconfident behavior, and the last is his complete trust in Mosca.

Mosca

Mosca is Volpone's parasite, a combination of his slave, his servant and his lackey. He is the person who continually executes Volpone's ideas and the one who comes up with the necessary lie whenever needed. In the opening acts, Mosca appears to be exactly what he is described as: a clinging, servile parasite, who only exists for Volpone and through Volpone. In other words, he exists to serve Volpone, and all that Volpone wants he wants.But in Act Three, we have the beginning of his assertion of self-identity, when he begins to grow confident in his abilities. But then this confidence again is left unvoiced, and Mosca seems to go back to being Volpone's faithful servant, helping him get out of the trouble some situation with Bonario and Celia. Mosca himself is possessed by greed, and he attempts to move out of his role as parasite to the role of great beast himself. But his attempt fails, as Volpone exposes them both. Though initially (and for most of the play)he behaves in a servile manner towards Volpone, Mosca conceals a growing independence he gains as a result of the incredible resourcefulness he shows in aiding and abetting Volpone's confidence game. Mosca's growing confidence, and awareness that the

others in the play are just as much "parasites" as he—in that they too would rather live off the wealth of others than do honest work—eventually bring him into conflict withVolpone, a conflict that destroys them both.

Question on Western Civilization.

Western Civilian

1. Struggle between patricians & plebiant.

 Answer:The Struggle of the Orders was a climatic event that took place in the early Roman Republic. It was a conflict between the Patrician and Plebeian classes of Roman Society that saw the Plebeian Class demanding more rights.

The plebeians were the lower class.  They included everyone who was not a patrician.  They were sometimes just called plebs.

The patricians were the upper class. They were the wealthy landowners. All free adult males were citizens, no matter what their class.  In both classes, the oldest male was the paterfamilias or head of the family.  Old age was honored, and women had no rights.  If you could afford them, both classes owned slaves.  The houses of both classes were designed the same way unless you were too poor to own your own home.  Everyone worshipped the same gods, and observed the same festivals and holy days.  Everyone spoke Latin and everyone went to the baths and enjoyed the forum. Plebeians and Patricians rarely mixed socially. For a while, it was illegal for a pleb and patrician to marry. Under the Republic, that law was finally changed. Still, marriages between the classes was rare.

2. Puric wars(1st/2nd/3rd) wars with carthage.

Answer:

The Punic Wars were a series of three wars fought between Rome and Carthage from 264 BC to 146 BC. At the time, they were some of the largest wars. The term Punic comes from the Latin word Punicus (or Poenicus), meaning "Carthaginian",.

Punic Wars 1st War: First Punic War, also called First Carthaginian War (264–241 bce). First Punic War, also called First Carthaginian War.First of three wars between the Roman Republic and the Carthaginian (Punic) empire. The First Punic War was fought to establish control over the strategic islands of Corsica and Sicily. Finally Carthage surrendered, ceding Sicily and the Lipari Islands to Rome and agreeing to pay an indemnity.

Punic Wars 2nd War: The Second Punic War (aka The Hannibalic War) was fought between Carthage and Rome between 218 and 201 BCE. One must consider the reasons for tensions being high enough to cause a second war so soon after the first had ended. The causes of the war were a result of both Roman and Carthaginian actions. The duration of second war is about 17 years. The second punic war are won by Rome.

Punic Wars 3rd War: The Third Punic War was fought between Carthage and Rome between 149 and 146 BCE. after Carthage technically broke its treaty with Rome by declaring war against the neighboring state of Numidia, the Romans sent an army to North Africa, beginning the Third Punic War. The third punic war are also won by Rome.

3. Slave Remove led by spartacus

Answer:  Spartacus lived the life of a gladiator. He was basically a slave who was forced to fight for the entertainment of the Romans. Some of the fights were to the death.He became tired of risking his life for the entertainment of others. He wanted to escape and go home.

In 73 BC, seventy gladiators, with Spartacus as their leader, escaped from the gladiator school.As Spartacus continued to have success against the Roman army, more and more slaves began to desert their owners and join up with Spartacus. The Romans became increasingly scared and worried about this large force of slaves and gladiators moving about the country. They gathered a large army of around 50,000 soldiers under the leadership of Crassus. At the same time Pompey the Great was returning from another war. The two generals defeated the slave revolt and killed Spartacus . he Romans captured 6,000 slaves in the final battle. They crucified all 6,000 along a road called the Appian Way that went from Rome to Capua where the rebellion first began

4. Contribution of the Rome in western civilization.

Answer: The Romans were very good at copying other peoples ideas, but they rarely gave other civilizations credit for these ideas.  According to the ancient Romans, everything was invented by Romans.

 Architecture: The ancient Romans are referred to as the great builders, and they were. They developed many new techniques for buildings and construction.

Public Health Programs: The Romans were great believers in healthy living.  They made sure that all the people of Rome were able to get medical help.

Religion: The Catholic faith, which kept learning alive after the fall of the Western Roman Empire.

Roman Law/Politics: The ancient Roman republic allowed only Roman citizens to vote for leaders, who then created their laws. In ancient Rome, only adult free men could be citizens.

Works of Literature: The Romans wrote many plays including Virgil's Aeneid.

Satire:  The Romans used satire in plays and literature in a loud and rude sort of sarcastic approach, especially in comic theatre

Customs:  The Romans invented the use of rings to denote friendship, engagements, and weddings,

Roman Calendar: When Julius Caesar came to power, he decided to throw out the old calendar and invent a new one. The new calendar was Caesar's calendar. The new calendar had 365 days each year for three years, and 366 days on the fourth year, just like our calendar today.

Clothing: The Romans invented socks (called soccus by the ancient Romans) worn by both women and men. They improved footwear considerably for all kinds of shoes.

Games: Many board and ball games including knuckleball (jacks) and hoops.

5. Foundation of the Rome.

Answer: Romulus and Remus are the mythological twin brothers who founded the city of Rome. Romulus and Remus were twin boys born to a princess named Rhea Silvia. Their father was the fierce Roman god of war, Mars.The king where the boys lived was scared that someday Romulus and Remus would overthrow him and take his throne. So he had the boys left in a basket on the Tiber River. He figured they would soon die. But the boys did not die.

The twins eventually came to the place where Rome is located today. They both liked the general area, but each wanted to place the city on a different hill. Romulus went ahead and started building a wall around Palantine Hill. However, Remus was jealous and began to make fun of Romulus' wall. At one point Remus jumped over the wall to show how easy it was to cross. Romulus became angry and killed Remus. With Remus dead, Romulus continued to work on his city. He officially founded the city on April 21, 753 BC, making himself king, and naming it Rome after himself. From there he began to organize the city. He divided his army into legions of 3,300 men. He called his 100 most noble men the Patricians and the elders of Rome the Senate. The city grew and prospered. For over 1,000 years Rome would be one of the most powerful cities in the world.